plished by open-housing marches was to encourage "many people who perhaps would at least have been maybe neutral ... to become anti‐ Negro."

Not only did King fail to admit the justice in such arguments, he did not seem to understand the source of white hostility to his Chicago campaign. He did not distinguish between die-hard segregationists in the South and hard-pressed working-class and lower-middle-class communities in the North, where the open-housing marches met with a reception more "hostile and hateful," he said, than anything he had seen in Selma or Birmingham. Instead of analyzing the implications of this contrast, he fell more and more into the accusatory posture of moral indignation, charging whites with "psychological and spiritual genocide." From his ill-conceived campaign for open housing in Chicago, he drew only the lame conclusion that "we had not evaluated the depth of resistance in the white community." If he had forced himself to understand the content of this resistance, he might have seen that blacks could not hope to achieve their objectives by demanding the dissolution of white communities whose only crime, as far as anyone could see, was their sense of ethnic solidarity.

In the South, the civil rights movement built on the integrity of the black community, vigorously opposing the "glib suggestion of those who would urge [Southern blacks] to migrate en masse to other sections of the country," as King put it. "The Negro's problem," he said firmly, "will not be solved by running away." In the campaign for open housing and educational integration in the North, however, King seemed to advise flight from the ghetto as the only hope. A better course, one might have imagined—one more consistent with the movement's original emphasis and aims—would have been to try to transform the ghetto into a real community. The civil rights movement in the North might have identified itself with the tentative, ultimately abortive movement for "community control," which some black radicals were beginning to see as the most promising approach not only to the race problem but to the centrali

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